REFUERZO 800

LOS MODALES
MODALES	USOS	EJEMPLOS
CAN	Habilidad	Tina can run very fast. (Tiene puede correr muy deprisa)
	Petición Informal	Can I stay here for two more weeks? (¿Puedo quedarme aquí durante 2 semanas más?
	Posibilidad	She can be very rude at times. (Ella puede ser muy grosera a veces)
BE ABLE TO	Habilidad	Mike i sable to spot lies by looking at your face. (Mike puede detector mentiras mirándote a la cara).
	Posibilidad	You will be able to meet my wife tonight. (Podrás conocer a mi mujer esta noche)
CAN’T	Imposibilidad	Alice can’t sing very well. (Alice no canta muy bien).
	Prohibición	You can’t take your children with you. (No puedes llevar a tus hijos contigo)
	Incredulidad / Deducción	That can’t be Paul. He is in Ireland! (Ese no puede ser Paul. ¡Está en Irlanda!
COULD	Habilidad en pasado	She could dance very well when she was a child. (Ella bailaba muy bien cuando era una niña).
	Petición formal	Could you introduce me to your Friends? (¿Podrías presentarme a tus amigos?)
	Sugerencia educada	You could take your parents out for dinner. (Podrías llevar a tus padres a cena fuera)
	Posibilidad	He could meet new people at the party. (El podría conocer gente nueva en  la fiesta).
MAY / MIGHT	Posibilidad	I may / might meet her mother tonight. (Podría conocer gente nueva en la fiesta)
MAY	Petición Formal  / Permiso.	May I ask you a question? ¿Puedo hacerle una pregunta?
SHOULD / OUGHT TO	Consejo / Opinión	You should / ought to accept Tim’s proporsal. (Tu deberías aceptar la propuesta de Tim)
NEED TO	Necesidad  / Obligación	I need to talk to the boss (Necesito hablar con el jefe)
HAVE / HAS TO	Necesidad  / Obligación	Peter has to help her mother in the garden. (Peter tiene que ayudar a su madre en el jardín)
MUST	Obligación	She must phone her father immediately. (Ella debe llamar por teléfono a su padre inmediatamente)
	Fuerte creencia	Paul must be very happy in his new house. (Paul debe estar muy feliz en su nueva casa)
MUSTN’T	Prohibición	You mustn’t use the pone after midnight. (No debes utilizar el teléfono después de media noche)
DOESN’T / DON’T HAVE TO	Falta de obligación / Necesidad	You don’t have to talk about our families. (No tenemos que hablar de nuestras familias)
NEEDN’T	Falta de obligación  / Necesidad	You needn’t bring anything to my party. (No tienes que traer nada a mi fiesta)
WOULD	Petición formal	Would you meet me tomorrow at the office, please? (¿Podrías reunirte mañana conmigo en mi oficina, por favor?
	Ofrecimiento	Would you like to come to the opera with me? (¿Te gustaría venir a la ópera conmigo?

The following is a list of Irregular Verbs in English:

Verb	Past Simple	Past Participle
arise	arose	arisen
babysit	babysat	babysat
be	was / were	been
beat	beat	beaten
become	became	become
bend	bent	bent
begin	began	begun
bet	bet	bet
bind	bound	bound
bite	bit	bitten
bleed	bled	bled
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
breed	bred	bred
bring	brought	brought
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast
build	built	built
buy	bought	bought
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
come	came	come
cost	cost	cost
cut	cut	cut
deal	dealt	dealt
dig	dug	dug
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
freeze	froze	frozen
get	got	gotten
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
hang*	hung	hung
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hit	hit	hit
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
keep	kept	kept
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
leave	left	left
lend	lent	lent
let	let	let
light	lit	lit
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
pay	paid	paid
put	put	put
quit	quit	quit
read ***	read	read
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
set	set	set
shake	shook	shaken
shine	shone	shone
shoot	shot	shot
show	showed	shown
shut	shut	shut
sing	sang	sung
sink	sank	sunk
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
slide	slid	slid
speak	spoke	spoken
spend	spent	spent
spin	spun	spun
spread	spread	spread
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
stick	stuck	stuck
sting	stung	stung
strike	struck	struck
swear	swore	sworn
sweep	swept	swept
swim	swam	swum
swing	swung	swung
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood
wake	woke	woken
wear	wore	worn
win	won	won
write	wrote	written

Regular Verbs,

INF.PRESENT	PAST TENSE	P. PARTICIPLE	GERUND	SPANISH
accept	accepted	accepted	accepting	aceptar
answer	answered	answered	answering	contestar
arrive	arrived	arrived	arriving	llegar
ask	asked	asked	asking	preguntar
belong	belonged	belonged	belonging	pertenecer
change	changed	changed	changing	cambiar
clean	cleaned	cleaned	cleaning	limpiar
climb	climbed	climbed	climbing	trepar/escalar
close	closed	closed	closing	cerrar
consider	considered	considered	considering	considerar
cook	cooked	cooked	cooking	cocinar
count	counted	counted	counting	contar
dance	danced	danced	dancing	bailar
dare	dared	dared	daring	atreverse
date	dated	dated	dating	fechar/salir
deliver	delivered	delivered	delivering	enviar
dress	dressed	dressed	dressing	vestir
end	ended	ended	ending	terminar
enjoy	enjoyed	enjoyed	enjoying	disfrutar
erase	erased	erased	erasing	borar
expect	expected	expected	expecting	esperar
fill	filled	filled	filling	llenar
finish	finished	finished	finished	terminar
follow	followed	followed	following	seguir
help	helped	helped	helping	ayudar
hurry	hurried	hurried	hurrying	apurar
intend	intended	intended	intending	tener la intención de
jump	jumped	jumped	jumping	brincar
learn	learned	learned	learning	aprender
like	liked	liked	liking	gustar
listen	listened	listened	listening	escuchar
live	lived	lived	living	vivir
look	looked	looked	looking	ver
love	loved	loved	loving	amar
miss	missed	missed	missing	extrañar
name	named	named	naming	nombrar
need	needed	needed	needing	necesitar
open	opened	opened	opening	abrir
order	ordered	ordered	ordering	ordenar
plan	planned	planned	planning	planear
plant	planted	planted	planting	plantar
play	played	played	playing	jugar
point	pointed	pointed	pointing	apuntar
practice	practiced	practiced	practicing	practicar
push	pushed	pushed	pushing	empujar
rain	rained	rained	raining	llover
remember	remembered	remembered	remembering	recordar
rent	rented	rented	renting	rentar
repeat	repeated	repeated	repeating	repetir
resist	resisted	resisted	resisting	resistir
show	showed	showed	showing	mostrar / enseñar
smoke	smoked	smoked	smoking	fumar
start	started	started	starting	empezar
stay	stayed	stayed	staying	quedar
stop	stoped	stoped	stoping	parar
study	studied	studied	studying	estudiar
talk	talked	talked	talking	hablar
travel	traveled	traveled	traveling	viajar
try	tried	tried	trying	intentar
turn	turned	turned	turning	voltear / cambiar
use	used	used	using	usar
visit	visited	visited	visiting	visitar
wait	waited	waited	waiting	esperar
walk	walked	walked	walking	caminar
want	wanted	wanted	wanting	querer / desear
wash	washed	washed	washing	lavar
wish	wished	wished	wishing	desear / querer
work	worked	worked	working	trabajar

STUDY GRAMMAR, CONVERSATION AND LITTLE TEXT READ DIFFERENT TEXT AND UNDERSTAND

REFUERZO SEGUNDO PERIODO

Conditional Clause and Main Clause

If I have enough money, conditional clause	I will go to Japan.     main clause
I will go to Japan, main clause	if I have enough money     conditional clause

First, Second, and Third Conditional

1. First conditional:	If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
2. Second conditional:	If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
3. Third conditional:	If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

Conditional clause	Main clause
1. If + Present Tense	will + inf / present tense / imperative
a.        If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),  I will help you with your homework. (will + inf) b.      If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,  the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense) c.       If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
2. If + Past Tense	would + inf
3. If + Past Perfect Tense	would have + past participle
We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause,  only in the main clause.

 

 

Uses of the Conditional

1.      First conditional

a.       Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.

b.      Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

2.      Second conditional

a.       Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.

b.      Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy: improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)

3.      Third conditional

a.       Nature: un real

b.      Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But you didn't, and I have).

Remember!

1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses. EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in if-clauses.

e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.
(= ± please, come this way; please, give me...)

2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:

If I were a rich man...

3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...).

If I have some spare time next weekend....or : 
If I have any spare time...

4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.

e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike.
He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.

5.There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the past:

If + Past Perfect - would + inf.
If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].

Puedes leer la explicación más detenidamente en la siguiente sección.

La condicional cero se utiliza para expresar hechos o situaciones que siempre se cumplen, es decir, para expresar verdades universales.

Si llueve la carretera se moja.

¿PARA QUÉ SIRVE?

 ·         Utilizamos las condicionales para indicar una condición y un resultado y por lo tanto consiste en dos frases, la principal y la que indica la condición.

·         Este tipo de frases se utilizan para hablar de situaciones que siempre tienen lugar.

¿CÓMO SE FORMA?

 AFIRMATIVA: La condicional cero se forma con el Presente Simple en la 'if-clause' y en la 'main clause'.

[If... + Present Simple] + [Present Simple]

Si llueve la carretera se moja.

If it rains, the road gets wet.

* En este caso indicamos algo que siempre ocurre, es decir, una verdad universal.

También se puede utilizar junto a un imperativo.

                                                     Si llueve no cojas el coche.

If it rains, don’t use the car.

NEGATIVA: Para hacer una condicional negativa podemos utilizar dos estructuras diferentes. La primera sería negando los verbos normalmente.

 Si no llueve la carretera no se moja.

If it doesn't rain, the road doesn’t get wet.

Sin embargo, también podemos utilizar 'unless' seguido del verbo en afirmativa, manteniendo el mismo significado.

A menos que llueva, la carretera no se moja.

Unless it rains, the road doesn’t get wet.

  

¿QUÉ DEBO RECORDAR?

ORDEN: Recuerda que estas dos frases pueden intercambiarse el orden, es decir, que podemos también encontrar la 'main-clause' primero y luego la 'if-clause'.

If it rains, the road gets wet.

The road gets wet if it rains.

*1 Cuando la 'if-clause' está delante separamos las frases con una coma, de lo contrario no es necesario.

PASADO: Esta estructura también se puede utilizar en pasado para indicar situaciones que siempre tenían lugar en el pasado.

Si yo iba al parque me compraba un helado.

If I went to the park I bought an ice-cream.

* En este caso indicamos algo que siempre sucedía en el pasado, por lo que podemos utilizar el pasado simple en ambas frases.